Addilyn Smith*
The biology of bipolar disorder psychopathology has been studied extensively since Emil Kraepelin published his famous psychiatric nosology at the start of the twentieth century. Bipolar illness psychopathology is highly impacted by complex bidirectional relationships between individual, interpersonal, environmental, societal, and historical factors, according to new studies. To systematically study these relationships and their impact on the etiology, expression, and treatment of bipolar disorder psychopathology, this review employs Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and Process-Person-Context-Time model. This approach is supported by conceptual, theoretical, and empirical research. Future research and implications for mental health practitioners are also explored.